type 2 Diabetes Pictures : Learn the Warning Signs

Type 2 Diabetes: What Is It?

Diabetes is a chronic condition that thwarts the body's ability to convert sugar into energy. This allows sugar levels to build up in the blood, which can lead to heart disease, blindness, and other serious complications. Type 2 diabetes strikes people of all ages, and early symptoms are subtle. In fact, a third of people with type 2 diabetes don't know they have it. Learn the warning signs in this slideshow.

Warning Sign: Thirst

One of the first symptoms of type 2 diabetes may be an increase in thirst. This is often accompanied by additional problems, including dry mouth, increased appetite, frequent urination – sometimes as often as every hour -- and unusual weight loss or gain.

Warning Sign: Headaches

As blood sugar levels become more abnormal, additional symptoms may include headaches, blurred vision, and fatigue.

Warning Sign: Infections

In most cases, type 2 diabetes is not discovered until it takes a noticeable toll on health. One red flag is troubling infections, such as:

• Cuts or sores that are slow to heal.
• Frequent yeast infections.
• Itchy skin, especially in the groin area.

Risk Factors You Can Control

Your habits and lifestyle can affect your odds of developing type 2 diabetes. Factors that boost your risk include:

• Being overweight, defined as a body mass index (BMI) over 25.
• Abnormal cholesterol and blood fats, such as good cholesterol (HDL) lower than 35 mg/dL or a triglyceride level over 250 mg/dL.
• High blood pressure, greater than 140 /90 in adults.
• Sedentary lifestyle.

Risk Factors You Can't Control

Other risk factors are out of your control, including:

• Race or ethnicity: Hispanics, blacks, Native Americans, and Asians have a higher than average risk.
• Family history of diabetes: Having a parent or sibling with diabetes boosts your risk.
• Age: Being 45 and older increases your risk of type 2 diabetes.

The more risk factors your have, the greater your odds of developing type 2 diabetes.

Type 2 Diabetes in Children

Although older people have a higher risk of getting type 2 diabetes, the condition is striking more young people. A third of American children born in 2000 will develop type 2 diabetes, according to the CDC. The leading risk factor for kids is being overweight, often connected with an unhealthy diet and lack of physical activity. Once children are overweight, their chances of developing type 2 diabetes more than doubles.

Diagnosing Type 2 Diabetes

There's no need for guesswork in diagnosing type 2 diabetes. A simple blood test, called a fasting plasma glucose test, does the trick. The test measures the level of sugar in your blood after you have been fasting for at least 8 hours. Normal fasting blood glucose is between 70 and 100 mg/dL. If two separate blood tests show this level is greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL, type 2 diabetes is diagnosed.

Converting Glucose to Energy

In healthy people, after a meal, food is broken down into a sugar called glucose, which is carried by the blood to cells throughout the body. Cells use the hormone insulin, made in the pancreas, to help them process blood glucose into energy. People develop type 2 diabetes because the cells in the muscles, liver, and fat do not use insulin properly.

Long-Term Damage: Arteries

Over time, untreated type 2 diabetes can damage many of the body's systems. Two out of three people with diabetes die of heart disease. Having diabetes also puts you at risk for stroke. People with diabetes are likely to develop plaque in their arteries, which reduces blood flow and increases the risk of clots. This raises the risk of heart attack and stroke.

Long-Term Damage: Kidneys

The longer you have diabetes, the greater the risk of developing kidney disease or kidney failure. Patients with kidney failure must get a kidney transplant or rely on dialysis to survive.

Long-Term Damage: Eyes

High blood sugar can damage the tiny blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to the retina, a critical part of the eye. This is known as diabetic retinopathy, and it can cause progressive, irreversible vision loss. It is the leading cause of blindness in people between the ages of 20 and 60. Pools of blood, or hemorrhages, on the retina of an eye are visible in this image.

Long-Term Damage: Feet

People with diabetes often experience nerve damage that can make it more difficult to feel their feet. At the same time, hardening of the arteries results in poor blood flow to the feet. Foot sores and gangrene can occur. In severe cases, the foot or leg must be amputated.

Managing Diabetes: Diet

Fortunately, people with type 2 diabetes can significantly reduce the risk of damage to the heart, kidneys, eyes, and feet. The key is controlling blood sugar levels by changing diet. People with type 2 diabetes should carefully monitor carbohydrate consumption, as well as total fat and protein intake, and reduce calories.

Managing Diabetes: Exercise

Moderate exercise, such as strength training or walking, improves the body's use of insulin and can lower blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes. Being active also helps reduce body fat, lower blood pressure, and protect against heart disease. People with type 2 diabetes should try to get 30 minutes of moderate exercise on most days of the week.

Managing Diabetes: Medication

When people with type 2 diabetes are unable to control blood sugar sufficiently with diet and exercise, medication can help. There are many types of diabetes pills available, and they are often used in combination. Some work by stimulating the pancreas to make more insulin, and others improve the effectiveness of insulin or block the digestion of starches.

Managing Diabetes: Insulin

Many people with type 2 diabetes eventually develop "beta-cell failure." This means the cells in the pancreas no longer produce insulin in response to high blood sugar levels. In this case, insulin therapy – injections or an insulin pump – must become part of the daily routine.

Preventing Type 2 Diabetes

One of the most astonishing things about type 2 diabetes is that such a life-altering condition is often preventable. To lower your risk, follow the same guidelines for warding off heart disease:

• Eat a healthy diet
• Exercise for 30 minutes 5 days a week
• Maintain a healthy weight
• Talk to your doctor about being screened for prediabetes

In people with pre-diabetes, lifestyle changes and medication can help prevent the progression to type 2 diabetes.

Diabetes and Foot Problems Pictures

For people with diabetes, too much glucose in the blood can cause serious foot complications.

Diabetic neuropathy is a lack of feeling accompanied by tingling, burning, pain, or numbness in your legs and feet due to nerve damage.

Peripheral vascular disease causes poor blood flow in the arms and legs that can affect the ability of a sore or cut to heal, leading to ulcers or gangrene.

Common foot problems of people with diabetes can lead to serious complications.

Athlete's foot is a fungus that causes itching, redness, and cracking.

Nails that are infected with a fungus may become discolored, thick and brittle, and may separate from the rest of the nail.

Calluses are a build-up of hard skin, usually on the underside of the foot caused by an uneven distribution of weight.

Corns are a build-up of hard skin near a bony area of a toe or between toes.

Blisters can form when your shoes rub the same spot on your foot.

Bunions form when the big toe angles toward the second toe and becomes red and callused (where the big toe joins the rest of the foot).

Dry skin can crack, allowing germs to enter.

Please Note:

The following slide contains a severe diabetes foot ulcer image. If you are sensitive to images of this nature you can skip this slide by clicking on the link below.

Click here to skip ahead

A foot ulcer is a break in the skin or a deep sore which can become infected.

A hammertoe is a toe that is bent because of a weakened muscle that makes the tendons shorter, causing the toes to curl under the feet.

Ingrown toenails occur when the edges of the nail grow into the skin causing redness, swelling, pain, drainage, and infection.

Plantar warts look like calluses on the ball of the foot or on the heel and are caused by a virus that infects the outer layer of skin.

Learn how to prevent foot problems if you have diabetes.

Take care of your diabetes by keeping your blood glucose level within the range recommended by your doctor.

Check and examine your feet every day.

Wash your feet every day and keep them nice and moisturized by applying lotion.

Smooth corns and calluses with an emery board or pumice stone.

Check and trim your toenails once a week.

Wear socks or stockings and proper shoes at all times.

Put your feet up to maintain good blood flow.

Smoking can make blood flow problems worse.

Visit your doctor or podiatrist for regular check-ups
on your feet, even if you don't have any foot problems.

When should I contact my doctor?

peripheral vascular disease?

Diabetes also affects the blood vessels and alters the flow of blood. Without adequate blood flow, it takes longer for a sore or cut to heal. Poor blood flow in the arms and legs is called "peripheral vascular disease." Peripheral vascular disease is a circulatory disorder that affects blood vessels away from the heart. If you have an infection that will not heal because of poor blood flow, you are at risk for developing ulcers or gangrene (the death of tissue due to a lack of blood).

What are common foot problems of people with diabetes?

Anyone can get the foot problems shown on the following slides. For people with diabetes, however, these common foot problems can possibly lead to infection and serious complications, such as amputation.

Athlete's foot

Athlete's foot is a fungus that causes itching, redness, and cracking. Germs can enter through the cracks in your skin and cause an infection. Medicines that kill the fungus are used to treat athlete's foot. These medicines may be pills and/or creams applied directly to the problem area. Ask your doctor to recommend a medication for athlete's foot.

Fungal nail infection

Nails that are infected with a fungus may become discolored (yellowish-brown or opaque), thick and brittle, and may separate from the rest of the nail. In some cases, the nail may crumble. The dark, moist, and warm environment of shoes can promote fungal growth. In addition, an injury to the nail can put you at risk for a fungal infection. Fungal nail infections are difficult to treat. Medications applied directly to the nail are available, but they only help a small number of fungal nail problems. Oral medications (pills) may need to be prescribed by your doctor. Treatment also may include periodic removal of the damaged nail tissue.

Calluses

A callus is a build-up of hard skin, usually on the underside of the foot. Calluses are caused by an uneven distribution of weight, generally on the bottom of the forefoot or heel. Calluses also can be caused by improperly fitting shoes or by a skin abnormality. Keep in mind that some degree of callus formation on the sole of the foot is normal. Proper care is necessary if you have a callus.

• After your bath or shower, use a pumice stone to gently remove the build-up of tissue.
• Use cushioned pads and insoles in your shoes.
• Medication also may be prescribed to soften calluses.
• DO NOT try to cut the callus or remove it with a sharp object.

Corns

A corn is a build-up of hard skin near a bony area of a toe or between toes. Corns may be the result of pressure from shoes that rub against the toes or cause friction between the toes. Proper care is necessary if you have a corn.

• After your bath or shower, use a pumice stone to gently remove the build-up of tissue.
• Do not use over-the-counter remedies to dissolve corns.
• DO NOT try to cut the corns or remove it with a sharp object.

Blisters

Wearing shoes that do not fit properly or wearing shoes without socks can cause blisters, which can become infected. When treating blisters, it's important not to "pop" them. The skin covering the blister helps protect it from infection. Use an antibacterial cream and clean, soft bandages to help protect the skin and prevent infection.

Bunions

A bunion forms when your big toe angles in toward the second toe. Often, the spot where your big toe joins the rest of the foot becomes red and callused. This area also may begin to stick out and become hard. Bunions can form on one or both feet. They may run in the family, but most often are caused by wearing high-heeled shoes with narrow toes. These shoes put pressure on the big toe, pushing it toward the second toe. The use of felt or foam padding on the foot may help protect the bunion from irritation. A device also may be used to separate the big and second toes. If the bunion causes severe pain and/or deformity, surgery to realign the toes may be necessary.

Dry skin

Dry skin can crack, which can allow germs to enter. Use moisturizing soaps and lotions to help keep your skin moist and soft.

Foot ulcers

A foot ulcer is a break in the skin or a deep sore, which can become infected. Foot ulcers can result from minor scrapes, cuts that heal slowly, or from the rubbing of shoes that do not fit well. Early intervention is important in treatment. Ask your doctor for advice on how to best care for your wound.

Hammertoes

A hammertoe is a toe that is bent because of a weakened muscle. The weakened muscle makes the tendons (tissues that connect muscles to bone) shorter, causing the toes to curl under the feet. Hammertoes can run in families. They can also be caused by shoes that are too short. Hammertoes can cause problems with walking and can lead to other foot problems, such as blisters, calluses, and sores. Splinting and corrective footwear can help in treating hammertoes. In severe cases, surgery to straighten the toe may be necessary.

Ingrown toenail

Ingrown toenails occur when the edges of the nail grow into the skin. They cause pressure and pain along the nail edges. The edge of the nail may cut into the skin, causing redness, swelling, pain, drainage, and infection. The most common cause of ingrown toenails is pressure from shoes. Other causes include improperly trimmed nails, crowding of the toes, and repeated trauma to the feet from activities such as running, walking, or doing aerobics. Keeping your toenails properly trimmed is the best way to prevent ingrown toenails. If you have a persistent problem or if you have a nail infection, you may need a doctor's care. Severe problems with ingrown nails may be corrected with surgery to remove part of the toenail and growth plate.

Plantar warts

Plantar warts look like calluses on the ball of the foot or on the heel. They may appear to have small pinholes or tiny black spots in the center. The warts are usually painful and may develop singly or in clusters. Plantar warts are caused by a virus that infects the outer layer of skin on the soles of the feet. DO NOT use over-the-counter medications to dissolve the wart. If you are not sure if you have a plantar wart or a callus, let your doctor decide.

Can these foot problems be prevented?

Proper foot care can help prevent these common foot problems and/or treat them before they cause serious complications. The following slides provide tips for good foot care.

Diabetes and Foot Problems
Prevention Tip #1

Take care of yourself and your diabetes. Follow your healthcare practitioner's advice regarding nutrition, exercise, medication, and keep your blood glucose level within the range recommended by your doctor.

Diabetes and Foot Problems
Prevention Tip #2

Check your feet every day for sores, blisters, redness, calluses, or any of the other problems listed in this slideshow. If you have insufficient blood flow, it is especially important to check your feet daily.

Diabetes and Foot Problems
Prevention Tip #3

• Wash your feet in warm water every day, using a mild soap.
• Do not soak your feet.
• Dry your feet well, especially between the toes.
• If the skin on your feet is dry, keep it moist by applyinbg lotion after you wash and dry your feet.
• Do not put lotion between toes.

Your doctor can tell you which type of lotion is best to use.

Diabetes and Foot Problems
Prevention Tip #4

Gently smooth corns and calluses with an emery board or pumice stone. Do this after your bath or shower, when your skin is soft. Move the emery board in only one direction.

Diabetes and Foot Problems
Prevention Tip #5

• Check your toenails once a week.
• Trim your toenails with a nail clipper straight across.
• Do not round off the corners of toenails or cut down on the sides of the nails.
• After clipping, smooth the nails with an emery board.

Diabetes and Foot Problems
Prevention Tip #6

• Always wear socks or stockings with soft elastic, and that fit your feet.
• Wear socks at night if your feet get cold.
• Always wear closed-toed shoes or slippers.
• Do not wear sandals and do not walk barefoot, even around the house.
• Wear shoes that fit well.
• Buy shoes made of canvas or leather and break them in slowly.
• Extra wide shoes are also available in specialty stores that will allow for more room for the foot for people with foot deformities.

Diabetes and Foot Problems
Prevention Tip #7

Maintain the blood flowing to your feet. Put your feet up when sitting, wiggle your toes and move your ankles several times a day, and don't cross your legs for long periods of time.

Diabetes and Foot Problems
Prevention Tip #8

If you smoke, stop. Smoking can make blood flow problems worse.

Diabetes and Foot Problems
Prevention Tip #9

See your podiatrist (foot doctor) every two to three months for check-ups, even if you don't have any foot problems. Make sure your doctor examines your feet during each check-up. An annual foot exam should be performed that should include an inspection of the skin -- he or she may check for redness or warmth of the skin. The exam will also be to check for pulses and temperature of your feet and an assessment of sensation to the foot with a tool called a monofilament.

When should I contact my doctor?

Contact your doctor if you experience any of the following problems:

• Changes in skin color
• Changes in skin temperature
• Swelling in the foot or ankle
• Pain in the legs
• Open sores on the feet that are slow to heal or are draining
• Ingrown toenails or toenails infected with fungus
• Corns or calluses
• Dry cracks in the skin, especially around the heel
• Unusal and/or persistent foot odor

Best Anti-Aging Foods

These six food groups hold the "power" to help you lose weight and turn back the clock. Don't miss our easy seven-day meal plan and delicious anti-aging snacks!

1. Produce

Piling your plate with fruits and vegetables is a no-brainer when it comes to weight loss — they're low in calories, high in nutrients, and filling — but the latest studies show that certain ones can provide surprising anti-aging benefits.

There's buzz about blueberries, for instance, for their memory-boosting potential. But berries of all hues are antioxidant-rich, reports Navindra P. Seeram, Ph.D., assistant professor at the University of Rhode Island College of Pharmacy in Kingston. That means they combat free radicals, molecules that can cause widespread cell damage and are linked to chronic inflammation. Unlike the inflammation that occurs when you sprain an ankle or strain a muscle, the type that contributes to aging is persistent, and thought to be at the root of most chronic diseases, from cancer, heart disease, and diabetes to Alzheimer's, arthritis, and osteoporosis. Berries' beauty bonus: They're chock-full of vitamin C, another potent antioxidant that may help keep your complexion looking smooth by fighting those pesky (skin-damaging) free radicals.

To keep your vision sharp, set your sights on spinach and other dark leafy greens. These veggies are prime sources of lutein and zeaxanthin, plant pigments that protect your eyes from the harmful effects of ultraviolet light. Leafy greens are also rich in vitamin K, a nutrient that plays a role in reducing bone loss and preventing fractures.

2. Protein

This key dietary component becomes even more critical starting in the 40s, when muscle mass begins to decline by up to 1 percent a year. That drop slows metabolism, which makes the pounds pile on more easily. The double whammy consequence: Added weight puts your health at risk, and down the road, diminished muscle mass can throw off your balance (upping chances of a fall), sap your strength, and even threaten your ability to recover from an illness or accident.

To hang on to your metabolism-boosting muscle — and keep you feeling full after meals (another protein plus) — experts recommend eating plenty of skinless chicken and turkey breast, lean beef and pork, eggs, beans, and seafood. And don't forget protein-rich dairy: Minerals (primarily calcium, phosphorus, and potassium) in fat-free milk and yogurt as well as low-fat cheeses help to keep blood pressure healthy, pudge in check, and bones strong. News flash: Calcium can't build bone if you're not getting enough protein, and current recommendations — about five ounces a day for a 145-pound woman — are too low, says Robert P. Heaney, M.D., professor of medicine at Creighton University in Omaha. Our Anti-Aging Meal Plan provides about 11 ounces of protein daily.

Another reason to spoon up some yogurt: Eating at least 1/4 cup every day led to a 60 percent lower risk of gum disease and a 50 percent lower risk of tooth loss in a Japanese study published in the Journal of Periodontology. The effect is thought to be linked to the probiotics in yogurt, but not in most other dairy.

3. Omega-3-Rich Fish

Fatty acids in seafood help quench the flames of chronic inflammation. In addition, "there's very good new data suggesting that omega-3 fats from fish act on an area of the brain that leads to improved mood and attitude among healthy people," says Artemis P. Simopoulos, M.D., author of The Omega Diet. These improvements in outlook lead to feeling healthier and more vigorous, she explains. The omega-3s in fatty fish like salmon and tuna have the most potent anti-inflammatory effects. But it's smart to consume omega-3s from plant sources, like walnuts and flaxseed, too — especially if you're not fond of fish.

4. Whole Grains

A 2008 review of these diet-friendly foods — which include whole wheat, oats, and brown rice, and the bread, cereal, and other edibles made from them — concluded that a meal plan loaded with whole grains helps you stay slim, thanks, in part, to fiber's role in appetite control. Their low rankings on the glycemic index (a system that rates the effect of different carbohydrates on blood sugar levels) may also play a role.

A raft of research has also shown that whole grains offer protection against diabetes, heart disease, stroke, colon cancer, high blood pressure, and gum disease. These benefits are tied to the array of vitamins, minerals, plant chemicals, and again, fiber that work together to promote health. (That's why refined grains, which filter out these nutrients during manufacturing, and add some back later in the process, don't offer the same advantages.)

5. Exercise

It's an anti-aging bonanza: Being active maintains muscle mass, boosts metabolism, and keeps your heart and lungs primed, among other benefits. Now, a recent study has found that running, in particular, promotes a long, independent life. Researchers at Stanford University School of Medicine followed a group of runners and non-runners for 21 years and found that elderly runners put off age-related disabilities for 16 years beyond their non-running counterparts. Runners also lived longer: 19 years into the study, only 15 percent of them had died compared with 34 percent of the non-runners. And the active ones were less likely to die from heart disease, stroke, cancer, and neurological conditions. While this study examined running, 30 minutes of more moderate aerobic activity, five days a week, will keep you healthy, according to recently released guidelines from the American Heart Association and American College of Sports Medicine. What should also be on your fitness agenda: strength training twice a week to maintain muscle and keep your metabolism humming.

6. Red Wine and Other Drinks

What other diet recommends red wine? Ours does because the ruby beverage's resveratrol is a potent antioxidant, inflammation damper, and artery protector. Plus, animal research suggests that high amounts of resveratrol may counteract cell death in the heart and brain, which could mean this compound has even greater potential to prolong your life. Limit yourself to one five-ounce glass a day; more could be harmful.

If you're not a wine drinker, no worries: Put on the coffeemaker or the kettle instead. Coffee appears to lower the risk of type 2 diabetes and Parkinson's disease, and evidence suggests that java drinkers have a lower chance of dying from heart disease. Some of the benefit may come from caffeine, but coffee also contains chlorogenic acids, antioxidants that might also play a protective role. Drinking tea may lower your risk of heart attacks, strengthen your immune system, protect tooth enamel, and help fight memory loss associated with aging. Choose green, black, white, or oolong — their leaves all come from the camellia sinensis, or tea plant. And their polyphenols (antioxidants), fluoride, and caffeine — which are thought to contribute to these health benefits — are largely missing from herbal brews.

Two Secret Age-Defying Treats

They seem like diet no-no's because of their calorie load, but dark chocolate and a handful (not a canful) of nuts have longevity and weight-loss benefits.

This just in: Nuts give you a surprising diet edge. A recent study found that despite being a high-fat, high-cal food, they don't promote weight gain. The reason: People find nuts filling and after eating them, offset some of the calories by eating less later on. Best of all, up to 20 percent of the calories in nuts don't get absorbed.

Craving something sweet? Dip into dark chocolate. The latest evidence suggests that cocoa flavanols (more predominant in dark chocolate than milky versions) may lower inflammation, keep blood pressure in check, prevent platelets from clotting (which could, in turn, prevent strokes and heart attacks), and boost brain power.

Anti-Aging Healthy Snacks

Our Anti-Aging Meal Plan provides everything you need to look younger and get thinner. We've even made room for extras — like a splash of milk in your coffee or honey in your tea. Every day, you can have up to 50 "free" calories to use any way you'd like. (Or save up for two or three days so you can have a 100-calorie or 150-calorie treat.) You can choose an item that's already on the menu (say, extra crackers or another egg) to have seconds, or select a different food or drink that you want to splurge on (our lists can help you keep a calorie tally).

Up to 50 Calories:
1 tbsp 2% milk - 8 calories
1 tsp sugar - 16 calories
1 tsp honey - 21 calories
1 tbsp grated Parmesan cheese - 22 calories
1 tbsp reduced-fat sour cream - 26 calories
3 slices (1 oz) deli thin lean ham - 30 calories
2 tbsp Cedar's Cucumber Garlic Tzatziki with 5 celery stalks - 35 calories
2 Ak-Mak crackers - 46 calories
1 Sargento Reduced Fat Colby-Jack cheese stick - 50 calories
1 Mini Babybel Light cheese - 50 calories

Up to 100 Calories:
1 hard-boiled egg - 70 calories
1 6-ounce container of Dannon Light & Fit yogurt (any flavor) - 80 calories
1 Nature's Path Organic Pomegran Plus Waffle - 80 calories
2 Blue Horizon Organic Chinese-Style Shrimp Spring Rolls - 87 calories
1 small banana - 90 calories
1 Tall Skinny Latte from Starbucks - 90 calories
Any 100-calorie snack pack - 100 calories
1 Whole Treat Organic Fudge Bar - 100 calories
5 Triscuits - 100 calories
3 Hershey's Bliss Signatures in dark chocolate - 100 calories

Up to 150 Calories:
1/2 cup Edy's Slow Churned Rich & Creamy Chocolate Ice Cream - 110 calories
1 Kashi Chewy Cherry Dark Chocolate Bar - 120 calories
1 5.3-ounce container FAGE Total 2% Yogurt with Fruit (any flavor) - 130 calories
1 Pack World of Grains Cookies - 130 calories
1 Kozy Shack Original Rice Pudding - 130 calories
1 Bumble Bee Sensations Easy Peel Bowls Sundried Tomato & Basil - 130 calories
1 Tin Sweet Riot Cocoa Nibs - 140 calories
1 Kahiki Naturals Chicken Egg Roll - 140 calories
21 almonds - 150 calories
14 baby carrots with 1 packet Wholly Guacamole 100 Calorie Snack Packs - 150 calories

Mayo Clinic Partners with Gaiam to Produce Diabetes DVD

Gaiam and the Mayo Clinic have teamed up to produce and market a series of wellness solutions DVDs including one for Type Two Diabetes.

The link above has a trailer of the DVD so you can get an idea of what the $20 DVD has to offer. It is NOT a documentary on diabetes; nor is it about avoiding the disease altogether. The main idea of the video is to offer tips on managing Type Two Diabetes so you can avoid some of the more serious problems like kidney damage, vision loss and nerve damage.

Most of the content is common sense like “eat a healthy diet” and “learn all you can about the disease” but there are also some more in-depth advice that teaches you how to do things like examine your feet for sores or blisters. For many of Americans it is simply too late to avoid getting Type Two Diabetes but we can all continue to learn every day about ways to live with, manage and treat the disease so we don’t end up with a severely diminished quality of life as a result.

I Drink Alcohol Not Green Tea to Reduce My Diabetes Risks

With New Years Eve is right around the corner I thought I would share some information that was recently discovered showing that alcoholic beverages reduce diabetes risks. This information came at the perfect time for anyone that likes to partake in the occasional alcoholic beverage since New Years Eve and alcohol go hand in hand. Now, as a diabetic, I have to be real careful because a few extra drinks and I’m going to sleep.

t was once thought that flavonoid rich foods such as apples, broccoli, tea and red wine were responsible for reducing the risks of diabetes. This was based on a study published in the Journal of Nutrition. After a multi-variable adjustment, it was found that the flavonoid consumption was not the key to the reduction of diabetes risk. The red wine however still played a roll. But who’s going to drink red wine on New Years? I’m drinking champagne.

It was then discovered that women who reported drinking red wine more than once a week showed a 16 percent reduced risk of diabetes compared to woman who reported drinking red wine less than once a week. The same findings were reported for white wine, beer and liquor. These new findings suggest that there is a common protective effect found in all alcoholic drinks.

Drink up and have a Happy New Year!

BHEL Trichy: 482 Skilled Artisans

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Tiruchirappalli invites application for recruitment of Skilled Artisans in the following trades:

Last Date:

August 04, 2009

1. Fitter: 183

2. Crane Operator cum Rigger: 103

3. Welder: 101

4. Machinist: 56

5. Electrician: 39

Total Posts: 482 (EXSM: 318, OBC: 130, SC: 92, ST: 05, PH: 14)

Age Limit (as on July 01, 2009):

Max 27 years.

Application Fee:

SC/ST/PH: NIL

Others: Rs. 125

The fee can be paid in any of the branches of State Bank of India, to Power Jothi A/c No. 30796267034 @ HE, Kailasapuram, Trichy-14 (code no.01363) in favour of Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Tiruchirappalli.

The triplicate challan for payment of Examination and processing fee of Rs.125 can be downloaded from the BHEL web site. The Journal No. given by the bank on payment of fee needs to be filled in the Application Form and the challan copy of BHEL, needs to be attached with the application. .

How to Apply:

Candidates fulfilling the eligibility criteria may send in their applications on plain white A4 size paper (neatly handwritten or typed) addressed to:

Dy General Manager (HR),

Artisan Recruitment Cell,

HRM Department,

Building 24,

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited,

Tiruchirappalli - 620014

Download More Details and Application Form:

http://www.bhel.com/pdf/trichy_artisan_advt_285.pdf

Download Challan Form for Application Fee:

http://www.bhel.com/pdf/sbi_challan.pdf

IELTS Writing: connective words (part 1)

Since many of you have been asking me for tips in Writing, I though a useful collection of connective words would help. It was kindly shared by a student and I am sure that using those words in your essays, letters and reports will positively affect your score.
This is part 1, part 2 is coming tomorrow.

Addition

in addition

and similarly

likewise as well as

besides further more

also moreover

and then too

not only … but even

besides

Sequence

first(ly) initially

second(ly) etc.to begin with then

next earlier/later

after this/that

following this/that

Consequence

as a result

thus

so

therefore

consequently

it follows that

thereby

eventually

then in that case

admittedly

Contrast

however

on the other hand

despite

in spite of

though

although

but

on the contrary

otherwise

yet instead of

rather

whereas

nonetheless

even though

compared with

in contrast

alternatively

The Burden of Kidney Failure

The Burden of Kidney Failure

Each year in the United States, more than 100,000 people are diagnosed with kidney failure, a serious condition in which the kidneys fail to rid the body of wastes.¹ Kidney failure is the final stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Diabetes is the most common cause of kidney failure, accounting for nearly 44 percent of new cases.¹ Even when diabetes is controlled, the disease can lead to chronic kidney disease and kidney failure. Most people with diabetes do not develop chronic kidney disease that is severe enough to progress to kidney failure. Nearly 24 million people in the United States have diabetes, ² and nearly 180,000 people are living with kidney failure as a result of diabetes.¹

People with kidney failure undergo either dialysis, an artificial blood-cleaning process, or transplantation to receive a healthy kidney from a donor. Most U.S. citizens who develop kidney failure are eligible for federally funded care. In 2005, care for patients with kidney failure cost the United States nearly $32 billion.¹

Source: United States Renal Data System. USRDS 2007 Annual Data Report.

African Americans, American Indians, and Hispanics/Latinos develop diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and kidney failure at rates higher than Caucasians. Scientists have not been able to explain these higher rates. Nor can they explain fully the interplay of factors leading to kidney disease of diabetes—factors including heredity, diet, and other medical conditions, such as high blood pressure. They have found that high blood pressure and high levels of blood glucose increase the risk that a person with diabetes will progress to kidney failure.

How to Lower Blood Sugar

How to Lower Blood Sugar

Tired of trying to figure out how to lower blood sugar levels?

It's okay. It's normal. At some point in time everyone with diabetes needs more ideas, more hope and more help with how to lower glucose levels. I know. I've had diabetes for 33 years and am a seasoned diabetic educator and dietitian. And even this veteran sometimes needs help. (And yes, I too swear at my diabetes. See. You're not alone.)

When my blood sugars change, how do I plod through the heaps of diabetic information to find the right method for how to lower blood sugars?

I use my diabetes blood tests strategically.
I target my efforts by using . . .

4 Steps

And I'll explain these steps . . . right after this important paragraph!

• The 4 steps For:
  How to Lower Blood Sugar
  or "U-ACT":

  As an educator and diabetic I've known for years that it’s not just my knowledge of diabetes treatments and diabetes blood tests that determines my metabolic control. It's how I fit these things into and around my priorities, my likes, my dislikes - MY LIFE.

  Below are the steps I use with myself and with patients to help them do just that. To help them learn how to lower blood sugars.

  They are not "MY" steps - I work with a great team of educators who utilize these same strategies. But really, it is you - the person with diabetes - who should claim the success for anything that works. Afterall, you are responsible for over 90% of your diabetes care and management. My only spin on this is that I've turned the steps into the acronym "U-ACT". Hmmm. . .

  U

  - Understand what you could lose - LOTS!
  

  A

  - Analyze your hard earned data - easily!
  

  C

  - Choose solutions to fit YOUR life!
  

  T

  - Think it over, Talk it over; Tailor it and Try again- this is a critical step!!! (or you're bound for frustration)
  
  
  1. “U” - Understand . . . yourself, your role and what you've got to lose in life ... lots!

  Growing up I knew a lovely lady who lost her vision to high sugars. She told me when she was younger she just didn't consider what high blood glucose levels could do to her because she "felt fine". I'm sure if she could, she'd tell you, "Don't let feeling fine fool you”. It pays to learn how to lower blood sugar levels.

  The research is clear. People with lower blood glucose levels values suffer fewer complications.

  A 1% drop in average blood sugar level (A1c)lowers your chance of vision loss, kidney failure and nerve damage by 35-40% or more!

  If you drop your A1c from 8% to 7% or even from 9% to 8% you benefit! So Yes - you want to know how to lower blood sugar levels!

  Understand you get better results if you choose solutions for how to lower blood sugars that accomodate your priorities in life, your likes, dislikes, home and work responsibilities.

  Understand your role is to communicate with your health care team what works for you in your life, what doesn't, why it doesn't and what your fears are. Your role is not (I repeat with capitals: NOT) to be perfect. How to lower blood sugars? Accept and communicate your limitations. You are human.

  Let’s push aside the medical statistics. The most important reasons to have controlled sugars are the ones dearest to your heart.

  • What do you cherish in life that you don’t want to lose?
  • What dream don’t you want poor health to get in the way of?
  • Who do you love that you want to keep on loving, keep on seeing, keep on holding?
  These are your real reasons for wanting good blood glucose control!

  For me, my reason is my daughter. Watching her grow more beautiful and witty; delighting in the dimples on her contagious grin; cuddling her each night as we share our thoughts at bedtime. I can’t bear thinking of her sorrow if I were gone… excuse me while I wipe the tears from my keyboard before the thing shorts circuits itself.

  What’s your reason?

  
  
  back to 4 Steps: U-ACT

  2. “A” - Analyze your diabetes blood test results to get better, faster results. To reach any destination in life, including good blood glucose control, you must know where you are now, where you are going and how will you get there. Yes, a map! I remember as a kid how frustrating it was for Dad (and for us passengers) to drive around trying to find the right street. (I love you Dad, I really do. Thanks for agreeing to let Mom be the map reader!)

  Answer these questions:

  • Where are you now? Good metabolic control means being in target with readings 80% or more of the time. To do this, you need to break your day into chunks. Where are your sugars 80% of the time for each of these “chunks” - before breakfast, lunch, supper, bedtime and after meals? (OK, let go of your hair and quit panicking. You don't usually do all those diabetes blood tests in one day.)
    
    
  • Where are you going? ANYTIME you look at ANY diabetes blood test result you need to know how to interpret it. What blood sugars are you aiming for before and after eating? You'll suffer less frustration if you know the guidelines or targets for blood glucose levels.
    
    
  • How will you get there? How to lower blood sugar levels? You thought I’d never ask. First pick a destination. Which “chunk” of your day will you focus on fixing? Then read below and click on the corresponding list of solutions for that “chunk” of the day.
  back to 4 Steps: U-ACT

  3. “C” - Choose a solution for how to lower blood sugar!

  First off, I’ve got to say this: Everyone has the right to healthy glucose levels. Never think that because you don’t eat or exercise perfectly that you are not entitled to good diabetic control until you are perfect. This is not fair to you and nor is it true. There is no perfect. (My apologies to Cindy Crawford.)

  I know people who are saints with their diet and exercise but have wretched sugars and those who are far from sainthood, but have excellent sugars. (Don’t you just hate them?) Blood glucose control depends on numerous things, not all of which you have control over.

  Having said that, there is a ton diabetes treatments you do have control over. I've seen people drop their A1c from 8-9% down to 5-6% with targeted lifestyle changes alone - no medications. YES! Some of the strategies below can help you lower blood sugar fast. But remember, everbody's body responds differently.

  DIABETES TREATMENT SOLUTIONS FOR:

  How to lower fasting blood glucose levels:
  One of the trickiest times of the day, but one of the most crucial times. This list contains an incredibly effective and under-used method to lower fasting sugars, along with 12 other possible solutions.

  How to lower blood sugar at lunch:
  Do you know if the numerous hours between breakfast and lunch are putting you at risk for complications? This is one of the two least tested times of the day that can impact your health. Visit this page for solutions if you are high at lunch.

  How to lower blood glucose levels at supper:
  17 possible diabetes treatments. And highs at supper that aren’t really highs. No—this is not a typo.

  How to lower blood sugar at bedtime:
  The “goof” that even doctors and diabetic educators sometimes make when looking at bedtime sugars. Why testing and acting on sugars at this time can affect over 1/3 of the sugar values for your day. And of course, the list of solutions to lower bedtime sugars.

  How to lower glucose levels after meals.
  Of course solutions are listed here but also answers to the questions: Should I be testing after meals? Medications to lower sugars after eating (and possibly help prevent diabetes).

  back to 4 Steps: U-ACT

  4. “T”- Think it over; Talk it over; Tailor it and Try again. If you don’t read this you might be heading for frustration.

  • Think it over: Did the solution work? If not, did you try the strategy long enough? Some solutions can work in 1 day to a few weeks, but some pills like Avandia or Actos can take up to 2-3 months! Don’t wait longer than 3 months at the most before you STOP, analyze, and move on to another strategy if necessary.
  • Don't agonize over the few outrageous highs. Focus on the majority of your tests.
  • Look at actual numbers - not averages on your meter! Highs and lows can average out to something nice but this isn't what you are looking for. You want to avoid the highs and avoid the lows. You want MOST blood glucose numbers in target.
  • Check your A1c (3 month average sugar) to see if moving in the right direction.
  • Did you have enough blood glucose tests to make an accurate analysis? What is keeping you from doing more testing? Is it pain, cost, time, frustration? These are barriers. Can your pharmacist, physician, diabetic educator or counselor help you with any of these? Getting past barriers is one of the ways you learn how to lower blood sugars.
  • Have you focused or targeted your efforts to specific problem times of the day? Remember that high sugars at breakfast might need different solutions than high sugars elsewhere in your day.
  • Is your meter accurate? Are the strips properly coded? Are the test strips outdated?
  • Tailor it: Make solutions fit your life. Determine what barriers are getting in the way of you doing your chosen strategy.
    I knew a fellow who ate large suppers and got high sugars at bedtime which then carried through to the morning. He tried smaller portions (it worked but he hated it); then tried the gym after supper. It worked. He enjoyed it but . . .he missed spending time with his young family in the evenings. In the end he and his wife got a bike trailer to carry the kids while they cycled after supper as a family. The days he didn't cycle, he took a diabetes pill at supper to keep his sugars in target. He found solutions for how to lower blood sugar in his life!
  • Talk it over: with family, friends, doctors, diabetic educators for their expertise and input. There is always new stuff and new ideas surfacing for how to lower blood sugar levels. Bookmark this site to check for new pages and content.
  • Try again: If I gave up driving the first time I hit a curb I’d never have my license. I guess I’d be driving myself to. . . well, to no-where. The point? “Trying again” is normal. The functioning of your pancreas changes - so will your strategies for how to lower blood sugars. Just as it’s normal that a car needs maintenance, it's normal that your blood sugars will change and you'll have to "try again". When something won’t work on your car you keep trying to find solutions because, heck, you want your car. Well, heck. You want your life, your future, your dreams too. So go ahead. Try again. You’re worth it! back to 4 Steps: U-ACT

    Consider this site a driver's manual for how to lower blood sugar levels using your diabetes blood tests. Now hop in, and grab the wheel because as the driver, you make the decisions about how to lower blood sugar levels and which diabetes treatments to use to get you there. I guess you'll set the radio station too. (ps. I like country).

    Good luck; Good health! - Bev
    
    

    14 Tips for Normal Range Blood Sugar Levels When Fasting 14 Tips for Normal Range Blood Sugar Levels in the morning from a diabetic educator with diabetes.

    Expert diabetic information: 14 tips to lower diabetes blood tests at lunch Effective solutions and diabetic information to lower diabetes blood tests at lunch and elsewhere. Tips from a diabetes educator with diabetes.

    18 Tips for an Acceptable Blood Glucose Level at Supper A diabetes professional with diabetes leads you through 18 ways to get acceptable blood glucose level at supper and elsewhere in the day. Blood sugar solutions that fit life.

    13 Ways to Get Better Blood Sugar Testing Results at Bedtime. Blood sugar testing results driving you crazy? A diabetes educator, dietitian and diabetic leads you through 13 solutions for bedtime glucose levels.

    2 hr Post Prandial Blood Sugars A diabetes educator reviews the importance of 2 hr post prandial glucose tests and how to lower them. Also reviewed are medications to lower 2 hr post prandial levels and to prevent diabetes.

    Insulin Pump Information Insulin Pump Information: Diabetic insulin pumps offer quality of life and diabetes control not obtained with syringes. Inform yourself before you say "no" to pump therapy.

    Insulin Pump Tips Insulin pump tips, expert tricks and other indispensable tidbits to make your life on a pump easier!

    Free Glycemic Index Chart This Free Glycemic Index chart lists slow carbohydrate foods that that can easily fit into the diet. These slow carbs can help glucose levels, weight and the risk for heart disease.

    Guidelines Blood Sugar Levels: Normal, Pre-diabetes, Diabetes Newest Guidelines Blood Sugar Levels. See if you have normal, diabetic, pre-diabetic or controlled diabetes blood glucose levels. A diabetes educator reviews the risks for complications.

    a1c blood test The Hgb A1c Blood Test is more than a 3 month average blood sugar. It tells your risk for getting complicatons. A 1% drop in A1c could reduce your risk by 37% or more! Find out more..

    Blood Sugar Monitors - What You Need to Know The best blood sugar monitors - The answer might surprise you. A diabetes educcator leads you through the features available on meters.

    Diabetes Test Strips: Accuracy Issues Your diabetes test strips may be giving you inaccurate readings! Check to see. A diabetes educator leads you through the pitfalls of diabetes test strips.

    Type 2 Diabetes Symptoms A diabetes educator lists the most common and less common type 2 diabetes symptoms. CAUTION: diabetes damage can occur with only slightly elevated blood sugars and NO TYPE 2 DIABETES SYMPTOMS!

    definition of hypoglycemia The definition of hypoglycemia, symptoms, treatment, causes and the safety concerns regarding low blood sugar are outlined here.

    symptoms of low blood sugar Symptoms of low blood sugar or hypoglycemia symptoms include headaches, shaking, hunger, tiredness and numerous others listed here. Including symptoms of low blood sugar during the night.

    Treating Hypoglycemia Treating hypoglycemia CORRECTLY can quickly remove symptoms and the risk for injury. A diabetes educator reviews the best and fastest ways for treating hypoglycemia.

    low blood sugar causes Common and rare low blood sugar causes are discussed by a certified diabetes educator. Knowing low blood sugar causes can help you avoid hypoglycemia.

    Sleep Apnia (apnea) Treatment Helps Diabetes New research reports treatment of sleep apnia (apnea) can help diabetes and blood

    Diabetic Diet Plan? No Way! Diabetic Diet Plan – Don't be fooled. There is no such thing. There are numerous strategies to mix, match and try. Give yourself the benefit of the doubt and try them.

    Airline Travel Security, Diabetes and Insulin Pumps STOP and Read these 17 Precautions for Travel with Diabetes and Insulin pumps. Don't have your vacation ruined - prepare for airport security.

    Diabetes News & Nuggets Diabetes News & Nuggets offers light-hearted blurbs on diabetes research and news. Then it summarizes why this information might be useful to you and your diabetes.

    Dear Dumb Diabetes Get if off your chest. Tell your diabetes how you really feel. What peeved you off about your dear dumb diabetes today? Or, hey, what went right?

    diabetes blood sugar solutions The site map for " diabetes blood sugar solutions.com "

    Diabetes and stress: Dangerous duo for increasing heart disease Managing diabetes and stress is just as important as blood sugar testing. Stress increases the risk for the biggest and most common diabetes complication. What can be done?

    How to Lower Blood Sugar Blog How to Lower Blood Sugar Blog updates you with Diabetes News, insight and additions to Diabetes-Blood-Sugar-Solutions.com. Knowledge is power! Subscribe now!

    diabetes educator Welcome! As a diabetes educator I created this site to help people with these 2 questions: “I'm checking my sugars so now what?" & "How can I lower my glucose level?"

    Terms of Use-Disclaimer On this page you will find important information regarding the terms of use of this site and your health and the content on "diabetes-blood-sugar-solutions.com". Please read this disclaimer.

    Contact me Please use the "contact me" form to forward your comments, ideas or suggestions for content on diabetes-blood-sugar-solutions.com. Thanks!

    site search Looking for expert advise on how to lower blood sugars? The site search on www.diabetes-blood-sugar-solutions.com might help! Solutions from a diabetes educator with diabetes.

Diabetes Tips

Diabetes - General Information

Artificial Pancreas Safe, Effective in Early Study
An "artificial pancreas" designed to deliver the key blood sugar-regulating hormone insulin to diabetic patients without the need for injections has been found safe and effective in a preliminary study with ten patients.
The device is an insulin reservoir, implanted in the tissue lining the abdominal cavity and connected to a sensor implanted in the jugular vein. The reservoir requires insulin refills every month or so. When the sensor detects an increase in blood glucose, the reservoir delivers the required amount of insulin.

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Blood Glucose Testing
Most insurances now pay for diabetics to have blood glucose monitoring equipment in the home. Keeping the machines clean and in good working order are vital for accurate results. Follow the manufacturers' instructions for proper cleaning and maintenance.

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Blood Glucose Testing Tip
Be sure hands are clean before performing the test, but don't use alcohol to cleanse your fingertip. It's drying and may cause fingertips to crack. Wash hands with a mild antibacterial soap like Dial.

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Diabetes Test After Heart Attack Shows Future Risk
Testing patients who have had heart attacks for signs of diabetes before they leave the hospital may identify those with the highest risk of future heart attacks. Many people hospitalized for a heart attack have undiagnosed diabetes or prediabetes, a term coined to describe the millions of overweight and obese people who have blood sugar levels suggesting an elevated risk of full-blown diabetes. Medications, exercise and diet changes, all of which can restore normal glucose levels, may reduce the risk of heart attacks in patients who have already had a heart attack.

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Diabetic Dental Care
Immaculate mouth care is a must. Diabetics are much more prone to gum disease. More frequent dental visits may be needed and careful brushing and flossing are a necessity. Avoid ill-fitting dentures that may cause mouth sores.

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Diabetic Eye Care
If you're a diabetic, regular visits to your eye care professional are a must to prevent problems that could lead to blindness.

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Diabetic Foot Care Tips
* Take the pressure off your feet by losing weight if you are obese.
* Inspect your feet at least once per day. If you can't see well, ask someone to do it for you.
* Wash feet with mild soap and lukewarm water daily.
* Wear white cotton socks rather than synthetic ones with dyes.
* Don't go barefoot or wear ill-fitting shoes.
* See a podiatrist regularly for toenail trims and other routine maintenance.

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Diabetics Are Prone to Foot Problems
Diabetics have decreased sensation and circulation in their feet making them prone to foot infections/wounds that could eventually lead to amputation.

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Drug Could Delay Diabetes
Acarbose, a drug that blocks the digestion of starch, could prevent or delay the development of the most common form of diabetes in those with slightly high blood sugar.

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Exercises to Avoid
Diabetics should avoid exercises that involve pushing or pulling heavy objects and lifting weights. Blood sugar levels and blood pressure are raised during this kind of exercise.

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FDA Approves New Sweetener Neotame
A non-nutritive sweetener said to be 7,000 to 13,000 times sweeter than sugar received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to be marketed as an additive in candies, soft drinks and various other products.
Like other familiar sweeteners, Neotame is a white crystalline powder that dissolves in water. It is made by Monsanto, which also makes NutraSweet's sweetener Equal. Neotame is approved for use in baked goods, nonalcoholic beverages, chewing gum, confections, frozen desserts, gelatins and puddings, jams, jellies, fruit, juices, toppings and syrups.
The FDA declared the product to be safe for consumption after reviewing more than 113 animal and human studies, some of which looked at any possible links with cancer-causing or neurological side effects.

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Inhaled Insulin
Inhaled insulin may soon offer an alternative to needles for people with diabetes.
Novo Nordisk, a Denmark-based company, has ongoing clinical trials to test the safety and effectiveness of an electronic pulmonary insulin system. They say it may be available in the United States and Europe within a few years.
This is the first electronic pulmonary insulin system currently being tested in clinical trials. It works by converting a special liquid insulin into aerosol particles, which are inhaled into the lungs.

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Regular Exercise Is a Must
Exercise is extremely important for diabetics as it strengthens the cardiovascular system, increases circulation to the arms and legs and helps control blood sugar levels. Walking, jogging, rowing and swimming are best.

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Shoes for Diabetics
* Avoid plastic shoes and waterproof shoes. They encourage perspiration and fungal growth.
* Avoid tight or unventilated footwear.
* Don't wear boots all day.
* Choose cotton or leather shoes.
* Wear sandals as much as possible in the summer.
* Don't wear the same shoes two days in a row.
* Air shoes in the sun to inhibit fungal growth.

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Small, Frequent Meals
Diabetics should follow their American Diabetic Association diet and eat small meals more frequently such as three small meals with one or two healthful snacks between meals. This helps maintain a more stable blood sugar level.

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Treatment of Hyperglycemia
Some symptoms of hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) are: excessive urination, weight loss, excessive hunger and thirst. If you are experiencing any of this symptoms, you should see your doctor.

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Treatment of Hypoglycemia
Some symptoms of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) are: cool, clammy skin, numbness of the mouth, a fluttering in your chest, hunger and feeling faint. Emergency treatment includes ingesting something containing sugar like orange juice, a candy bar, or sugared soda pop. Follow that with some cheese or peanut butter crackers to sustain your blood sugar level.

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What's an Exchange?
In an exchange diet, foods that are similar are grouped together. Serving sizes are well defined so that each will have the same amount of carbohydrate, fat, and protein as any other. Foods can be "exchanged" or traded with others in a category while still meeting the desired overall goals. Exchanges can be applied to most any eating situation and may make it easier to follow a prescribed diet. For example, if a nutrition plan calls for one starch exchange a person could choose 1/2 cup of cooked pasta, OR one slice of bread, OR a small (3 oz.) baked potato.